Time Warner Beta Essay Example for Free

Time Warner Beta Essay Presentation †Definition of Beta Beta, which is spoken to by the Greek image, is additionally indicated as the Beta Coefficient and is recognized as the incline of the straight relapse of the portfolio in which inside a particular period or point filled in as benchmark. (Hazard Management,) Beta is the evaluation of the market hazard or ‘volatility’ of the stock. With this, it might assist speculators with making the correct choices when putting stocks in light of certain changes in cost of the stocks. (Beta: Gauging Price Fluctuations, July 29, 2005) Unpredictability which is the proportion of the vulnerability or dangers went with in contributing because of variance of the costs is resolved its relativity by approximating its Beta. Unpredictability is related with security’s esteem which implies that when the venture is said to having a higher instability, there is a greater capability of security’s esteem for extension over a bigger range. In this manner inferring that inside a shorter timeframe, cost of the security can differ altogether. Unexpectedly, a lower unpredictability implies that the vacillation in security’s esteem is unnoticeable; anyway there are little changes of the incentive inside a steady scope of time. (Instability,) With that, Beta being the estimation of instability, it offers important noteworthiness to the market hazard contrasted with the more noteworthy market. Besides, Beta is utilized for examination alongside the other stock, assessing the general unpredictability of the arrival of the security in logical inconsistency of the arrival in the market. Calculation of Beta ÃŽ ²  â â â â â â â â â â In venture and account, Beta is the association or the coefficient of a portfolio or an individual stock as opposed to the market all together. To process for the beta, the relapse examination is utilized. The Beta of a benefit is determined utilizing the equation: where in, ra is the measure of return benefit of the advantage; and rp is the assessment of the pace of the return benefit of the arrangement of which the advantage is a segment. (Beta Coefficient,) Moreover, the cost value of an organization can be anticipated utilizing the Capital Asset Pricing Model in which the activity of value beta of the organization and once more, value beta is the activity of both the weight and resource chance. This is determined utilizing the recipe: where in, KE is the expense of value of the organization, RF is the pace of profit for a hazard free speculation otherwise called the hazard free rate, RM is the market portfolio return, and ÃŽ ²E is the value beta which is figured: which is gotten from this equation: , furthermore, the equation of a Firm Value (V) Firm Value (V) = Debt Value (D) + Equity Value (E)(Beta Coefficient,)  â â â â â â â â â â Applying this whole idea in picked business which is the Time Warner, the world’s biggest media organization, had beta of more prominent than 1 which shows that the cost of security will be more unpredictable than the market. This implies the financial specialists acknowledge the extra hazard went with to achieve the chance of more rewards. The Time Warner had a fixed conversion scale during their merger with the AOL. The conditions contain incorporate the 1.5 portions of AOL Time Warner would be given to the Time Warner for each offer their stock and America Online investors will get one portion of AOL Time Warner stock for each portion of stocks that the America Online owns.(Dignan, 10 Jan 2000 ) Using the Charts in Beta, financial specialists could watch the variances and changes in the diagrams, its opening, shutting costs and the high and depressed spots in a particular timeframe (Time Warner Inc.,). References Beta Coefficient [Electronic Version]. Recovered May 23, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/Beta. Beta: Gauging Price Fluctuations [Electronic (July 29, 2005). Version]. Recovered May 23, 2007 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/01/102401.asp. Dignan, L. (10 Jan 2000 ). AOL, Time Warner tout broadband future, collaboration [Electronic Version]. Recovered May 23, 2007 from http://news.zdnet.co.uk/itmanagement/0,1000000308,2076198,00.htm. Hazard Management [Electronic Version]. Recovered May 22, 2007 from http://www.tradetrek.com/Education/risk_management.asp. Time Warner Inc. [Electronic Version]. Recovered May 24, 2007 from http://finance.yahoo.com/charts#chart1:symbol=twx;range=1d;indicator=volume;charttype=line;crosshair=on;logscale=on;source=undefined. Instability [Electronic Version]. Recovered May 23, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/instability.

Esf Function #8

Official Summary Introduction to Emergency Management Taylor Carl Mr. Jonathon Johnson October 12, 2012 The Emergency Support Function #8 (ESF #8) from FEMA subtleties bolster administrations identified with general wellbeing and clinical administrations. The essential office in charge of ESF #8 is the Department of Health and Human Services.They are answerable for giving help during â€Å"a general wellbeing and clinical fiasco, potential or genuine episode requiring an organized Federal reaction, or potentially during a creating potential wellbeing and clinical emergency†, (2008, FEMA, p. 1). Help for clinical necessities covers mental and social wellbeing as wells as substance abuse.Assistance is given in the accompanying center capacity territories under ESF #8: evaluation of general wellbeing/clinical requirements, wellbeing observation, clinical consideration staff, wellbeing/clinical/veterinary hardware and supplies, understanding clearing, quiet consideration, security and security of medications, biologics, and clinical gadgets, blood and blood items, sanitation and security, farming security and security, all-peril general wellbeing and clinical interview, specialized help and backing, conduct medicinal services, general wellbeing and clinical data, vector control, consumable water/wastewater and strong waste removal, mass casualty the executives, casualty ID, and disinfecting remains, and veterinary clinical help (2008, FEMA, p. 1-2). Every single Federal reaction are taken care of by the Secretary of Health and Human Services through the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR).The Secretary is additionally accountable for the benefits during a general wellbeing crisis with special case of the individual from the Armed Forces. They are liable for organizing all readiness, reaction, and recuperation activities predictable with every single inward strategy and methodology of the Department of Health and Human Servi ces. When bolster organizations get directions from the Secretary, they are answerable for controlling their assets. The Emergency Management Group (EMG) is liable for taking care of the ESF #8 reaction for the ASPR and must stay in consistent contact with the National Operations Center (NOC). All associations engaged with reaction activities must report general wellbeing and clinical necessities to their fitting representative.These delegates are positioned in the National Response Coordination Center (NRCC), the Regional Response Coordination Center (RRCC), and the Joint Field Office (JFO). A â€Å"Joint Information Center (JIC) will be set up to facilitate occurrence related open information†, (2008, FEMA, p. 2). The JIC can discharge data to the general population concerning general clinical and general wellbeing reaction. For people group issues, a perceived representative will give correspondences whenever the situation allows. Ought to there be a zoonotic illness flare -up, ESF #8 must arrange with ESF #11 (Agriculture and Natural Resources). Open data might be discharged after interview with the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).During an oil, synthetic, natural, or radiological ecological sullying, ESF #8 must facilitate with ESF #10 (Oil and Hazardous Materials) to discharge data. At the point when activity is required, the ASPR cautions HHS faculty. The ASPR may likewise demand faculty for contact correspondences at the HHS Headquarters order areas. The ESF #8 staff positioned in the RRCC and JFO â€Å"will lead a hazard examination, assess, and decide the capacity required to meet the mission objective and give required general wellbeing and clinical support† help to the proper gatherings (2008, FEMA, p. 3). During introductory initiation, HHS will organize phone calls with supporting offices to examine and decide reaction actions.During the appraisal procedure, HHS working with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), assembles an d sends ESF #8 staff. During reconnaissance, HHS screens general wellbeing utilizing field studies and examinations, screens illness examples and potential episodes, performs blood and blood item watchfulness alongside checking blood gracefully levels, and gives specialized help and discussion on infection avoidance. Prompt clinical reactions are taken care of by HHS’s inner resources. While most hardware and supplies are conveyed from the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Veterans Affairs (VA) may likewise give them to human services offices in a calamity area.Should there be a need a veterinary supplies, resources might be mentioned from the National Veterinary Stockpile (2008, FEMA, p. 4-5). During a crisis circumstance, ESF #8 is accused of moving those truly sick or harmed patients, and clinical needs populace to assigned zones. They may demand the help of the DOD, VA, or FEMA. At the point when patients are not really in a hazar dous situation yet at the same time need clearing help, ESF #8 gives faculty to clinical administrations through common assistance staff, US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, territorial workplaces, and States. ESF #8 must guarantee wellbeing and security of medications, biologics, and clinical devices.Biologics, including blood, blood items, organs, and antibodies, must be observed to guarantee accessibility and wellbeing. Governmentally directed nourishments must meet wellbeing and security prerequisites checked by ESF #8 and ESF #11. This authority is stretched out to all residential and imported nourishments aside from meat, poultry, and egg items. Furthermore, ESF #8 and ESF #11 must guarantee the wellbeing and security of food-creating animals(2008, FEMA, p. 5-6). Laborer Safety and Health is driven by the Department of Labor (DOL). ESF #8/HHS acts a help organization. ESF #8 may require help from provincial workplaces in â€Å"assessing general wellbeing, clinical, a nd veterinary clinical impacts coming about because of all hazards†, (2008, FEMA, p. 6).This may remember appraisals for the overall population and high-hazard populace gatherings, field examinations, giving counsel on human and creature exposures, guidance on aberrant exposures, for example, food, water, and medication sullying, and â€Å"providing specialized help and interview on clinical treatment, screening, and cleaning of harmed or sullied individuals†, (2008, FEMA, p. 6). Conduct human services is taken care of by ESF #8 and accomplice associations to survey psychological wellness and substance misuse needs. This may incorporate â€Å"emotional, mental, mental emergency treatment, conduct, or intellectual constraints needing help or supervision†, (2008, FEMA, p. 7).ESF #8 gives general wellbeing, illness, and injury anticipation data to the general population in different dialects and developments for those with constrained English capability or learning incapacities. ESF #8 works with other accomplice associations to survey and handle vector-borne ailment dangers. This incorporates research and examination, gear and supplies, and giving specialized help and meeting. ESF #8 aids consumable water, wastewater, and strong waste removal. This incorporates inspecting defiled water for general wellbeing impacts. ESF #8 works with accomplice associations track and archive human remains, incorporating decreasing dangers related with defiled remains.They may set up impermanent mortuary offices, decide the reason for death, gather posthumous data, utilize logical intends to distinguish human remains, and give specialized help and meeting. They may demand help from accomplice associations to offer help to groups of casualties during the posthumous procedure (2008, FEMA, p. 7). ESF #8 works intimately with ESF #11 to offer veterinary clinical help. This may incorporate thinking about research creatures when ESF #11 doesn't have the aptitude. Th ey should secure the wellbeing of domesticated animals and partner administrations creatures by guaranteeing security of food and medications regulated (2008, FEMA, p. 8). ESF #8 requires many help organizations to be completely useful. The HHS works intimately with the USDA for staff, supplies, and equipment.They additionally help with nourishment, episode control of creature illness, and sanitation. The DOD performs numerous capacities for ESF #8. They offer help for tolerant departure, calculated help to general wellbeing/clinical reaction tasks, work force for setback clearing, quiet gathering and following, staff for insurance of general wellbeing, crisis clinical help, overseeing humaning remains, assessment and hazard the board, and give blood items (2008, FEMA, p. 10-11). The DHS assists with ESF #8 by giving correspondence support, offering transportation support if essential, giving danger expectations identifying with environmental discharges, and authorizing worldwide qu arantines.FEMA helps with assembly focuses, transport of assets, crisis food and water supplies, gear and clinical supplies, and transportation of patients considered excessively sick or unequipped for general departure (2008, FEMA, p. 12-13). The HHS must guarantee legitimate staffing to organize endeavors for clinical help to an influenced region. They should support and help State, innate, and nearby networks in a crisis. Their essential obligations incorporate checking blood and blood supplies, framing contacts for correspondences, organizing tolerant departure, and working with the USDA to guarantee sanitation. REFERENCES Emergency Support Function #8 †Public Health and Medical Services Annex. Government Emergency Management Agency. Recovered from www. fema. gov/pdf/crisis/nrf/nrf-esf-08. pdf

Describe and evaluate starbucks innovation, motivation, and people

Describe and evaluate starbucks innovation, motivation, and people Describe and evaluate starbucks innovation, motivation, and people strategy. YOU MUST ALSO Includes publicly available information including Securities and Exchange Commission filings and introducing new products or services â€" Essay Example > Analysis of Starbucks’s Innovation, Motivation, and People Strategy Case Study Strengthening its core and, at the same time, innovating its product portfolio, Starbucks launched a healthy and complementary array of products between 2008 and 2010. Some of these products are the Mastrenaâ€"an improved espresso machine that sped up and simplify the making of espressos while leaving quality unchangedâ€"and the Pike Place Roastâ€"a more moderate mix of coffee as an outcome of customer suggestions (Aiello Dickinson, 2014). Starbucks also engaged in building a new kind of Starbucks store, known as the Mercantile Stores. These Mercantile Stores offer wine and beer and include new coffee preparation methods and a proletarian structural design. Apparently, Starbucks is moving beyond its regular coffee shop and espresso bar to provide greater customer experience (Barth, 2012). However, the major problems confronting Starbucks were its efforts to expand drastically and launch new innovatio ns. The desire to expand may make the company more vulnerable to risks. In the meantime, motivation, just like innovation, is a vital part of Starbucks’s success. Howard Schultz, Starbucks’s CEO, acknowledges that the determining factor for Starbucks’s success is not its products but its people. He absolutely believes that the life-force of the organization is its employees and feels proud about the importance and worth of its people (Schultz, 2011). The company develops an interactive system that highly motivates its employees. Other major strategies employed by the company to raise employee motivation are the following: (1) appropriate welfare policies (medical insurance, commodity discounts, vacations); (2) Starbucks’s manager treat all employees equally; and (3) the company has a highly open and efficient communication system for employees (Plog, 2005). When it comes to people strategy or raising not just employee skills, Starbucks has a broad range of techniques to offer. For instance, Schultz closed down all Starbucks shop in the U. S. for a day so as to “perfect their espresso making ability” (Schultz, 2011, 5-6). This move costs Starbucks $6 million, yet Schultz response was “How could it be wrong to invest in our people? ” (Schultz, 2011, 6). This commitment to career training and development has been perfected by the company. It continuously offers complete healthcare compensation for full-time and part-time employees, as well as equity through stock options for all employees. According to the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (2007), all of these policies are undertaken by Starbucks in order to enhance its brand recognition all over the world. To attain this objective, the company aims to expand its retail activities, to magnify its Specialty Operations, and to launch new products and create new distrib ution channels (USEC, 2007, 3). A prime example of Starbucks’s persistent commitment to innovation is it Verismo coffeemaker. The company has been on the edge in the past few years, trying to expand its sources of revenue. Several product innovations were made; some successful, others miserably failed (Barth, 2012). Even though it is still uncertain whether customers will get the hang of the Verismo pods, Jeff Hansberry, head of Starbucks’s emerging brands and channel development, reported to The New York Times that one-cup coffee sales increased by 143 per cent in 2011 (Barth, 2012, para 3). Apparently, Starbucks is still facing major challenges in its goal to innovate, motivate, and gain greater competitive advantage. References Aiello, G. Dickinson, G. (2014). Beyond authenticity: A visual-material analysis of locality in the global redesign of Starbucks stores. Visual Communication, 13(3), 303-321. Barth, C. (2012, September 20). Starbucks’s New Verismo Sinks Green Mountain. Will You Buy It? Retrieved from: http: //www. forbes. com/sites/chrisbarth/2012/09/20/starbucks-new-verismo-machine-sinks-green-mountain-will-you-buy-it/ Plog, S. (2005). Starbucks: More than a Cup of Coffee. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration, 46(2), 284-287. Schultz, H. (2011). Onward: How Starbucks Fought for its Life without Losing its Soul. UK: John Wiley Sons. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2007). Starbucks Corporation. Retrieved from: http: //media. corporate-ir. net/media_files/irol/99/99518/200710K. pdf

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The Nuremberg Trials Essay example - 1253 Words

The Nuremberg Trials On June 22, 1945 representatives from France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States started to plan the prosecution of the main Axis war criminals. These representatives had to establish a fair way of trying the criminals because the world had never seen a situation like the one at hand. The result of the meeting was the International Military Tribunal. The Tribunal’s constitution set forth the principles the defendants were subject to. The panel of Allied representatives decided to hold the trial in Nuremberg. Nuremberg was chosen because the city served as the center of Nazi activities and offered nice facilities (Keeshan 3). Lawyers from the Allied powers submitted an indictment to the†¦show more content†¦The actions the German soldiers performed on the Jews were incomprehensible. The Nazis used the legal system of Germany to oppress the Jews currently living in Germany. Through the legal system the Nazis stole Jewish property a nd took away the Jews civil rights. Jews would be round up and taken to concentration camps where most would eventually perish. At the height of the Holocaust Jews were being mass murdered by injection or means of gas (Rosenbaum 13). Historians believe that there are thousands of war criminals that avoided arrest from the prosecutors. It is thought that over seven thousand criminals took refuge in Argentina to avoid being charged with war crimes (Rosenbaum 81). Many of these fugitives could actually be alive today. However, the twenty-four defendants the prosecution did indict were some of the worst villains of the war. Almost all of the defendants were Nazi Party members and others belonged to organizations such as the Reichstag, the Council of Ministers, and the Secret Cabinet Council (Keeshan 67). Even though the prosecution was only able to indict twenty-four defendants, the effects of the Nuremberg Trials were monumental. The Tribunal hoped to punish the main men responsible for all of the atrocities. The Allied Powers felt that trials had to be set up because if the criminals were simply charged without trial then itShow MoreRelatedThe Trials Of The Nuremberg Trials1345 Words   |  6 Pagesis it possible that the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, which were held by the Allied Powers after World War II, did not execute this man? The Nuremberg Trials were a series of thirteen trials held between 1945 and 1949 to prosecute some Nazi war criminals. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, because its courthouse was not damaged from the war. The four Allied Powers held the hearings, and the best-known trial was the Trial of Major War Criminals (â€Å"Nuremberg Trials†). The fact of the matterRead MoreThe Wartime Of The Nuremberg Trials4114 Words   |  17 PagesWhereas some 5,000 Nazi’s were charged with war crimes, the Nuremberg trials were designed specifically to prosecute high r anking Nazi officials with whom the authority for the commission of heinous atrocities rested. The Nuremberg Trials would therefore be marked in history as one of its kind. Prior to its formation, war crimes were limited to the military courts of the individual countries and for the very first time the Nuremberg Trials would mark the inception of the concept of collective guiltRead MoreEssay on The Nuremberg Trials2224 Words   |  9 PagesThe Nuremberg Trials More than half a century has passed since the end of World War Two and to this day it is still difficult to fully understand the severity of what was by far the most destructive war in human history. More than sixty million people were killed during World War Two and more than half of those were innocent town’s people. Among the dead were over six million Jews, which was two thirds of the total living race in Europe at the time. Beyond these general statistics were thousandsRead MoreThe Nuremberg Trials Rewritten Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesin their shoes? No one understands what truly goes on in someone else’s mind. For that reason alone judging one another is wrong. â€Å"The year world war II finally ended, a courtroom in Nuremberg, Germany, became the scene of what would be called the greatest trials of the world† (www.pbs.org)†. When the Nuremberg trials began Nazi’s were judged on what role they played during Hitler’s reign. Though, instead of the German and Jewish citizens judging the Nazi’s it was the Americans. The major discussionRead MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg1630 Words   |  7 PagesPaper - Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg Doctors Trial of 1946 is the preeminent case recognizing the importance of medical ethics and human rights specifically about human research subjects. The defendants in the trials include Nazi leadership, physicians, and investigators prosecuted for conducting unethical and inhumane medical experiments on civilians and prisoners of war resulting in extreme pain, suffering, permanent injury and often death. The Nuremberg Code, borne of these trials, establishesRead MoreThe Nuremberg Trials1601 Words   |  7 PagesNuremberg Trials Andrew Dangler University of Phoenix Abstract: A brief look at the Nuremberg Trials and some of the people involved. It steps upon the problems leading to the start of the trials including three of the doctors, three of the experiments performed on prisoners, and the judgment of three people involved with carrying out the vulgar experiments. Also included are three people who decided to commit suicide instead of facing certain death after going before a jury. The three peopleRead MoreNuremberg Trials2619 Words   |  11 Pagesindicted for aggressive war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Of the twenty-four twenty-one were taken into custody and put on trial; these were known as the Nuremberg Trials. These trials started on November 20th 1945 and were the first ever war crime tribunal. The Trials were held by the Allied forces of World War II and were held in the city of Nuremberg in Bavaria Germany out of the Palace of Justice. Accusations placed against them were for their involvement in the Nazi Party during WorldRea d MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg Trials984 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice. The first international trial, the Nuremberg Trials brought many of these nazi war criminals to justice. The Nuremberg Trials were separate trials to bring Nazis to justice. It involved many people, not just the nazis. The trials had a positive outcome, however some may find it surprising. Indeed, the Nuremberg Trials will be remembered as the first international trials, bringing criminals to justice. To begin with, the Nuremberg Trials are the first trial to deal with crimes against humanityRead MoreThe Importance Of The Nuremberg Trials955 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nuremberg Trials: A Step Towards International Law Starting in 1945, a series of trials occurred that helped the international court system form and develop into what is is today. These set of trials were called the Nuremberg Trials. Whereas some described the Nuremberg Trials as a â€Å"sanctimonious fraud† and a â€Å"high-grade lynching party, the international military tribunal at nuremberg was an event of world-historical importance because it was the first successful international criminal courtRead MoreThe Nuremberg Of Trial ( 1946 )1127 Words   |  5 Pages1. The Nuremberg Doctors Trial (1946) Brief Summary: The Nuremberg Doctor’s trial of 1946 involves human experimentation performed by the Nazi doctors. These physicians were accused of conducting torturous â€Å"experiments† with concentration camp inmates. During these studies, physicians conducted treatments that were not permitted and caused severe injuries to the participants, and in some cases, participants died as a result of this. Prisoners were left to freeze to study more on hypothermia. Later

Impact of caring for a patient with dementia Free Essays

string(71) " mainly refer to the multiple cognitive and intellectual deficiencies\." Abstract Dementia Background: Dementia is most commonly misunderstood and misrepresented in terms of what it is and what actually causes it and most importantly who it affects. The Royal College of Physicians (2005) relatively defines Dementia as: â€Å"the global impairment of higher cortical functions including memory, the capacity to solve the problems of day-to-day living, the performance of learned perceptuomotor skills, the correct use of social skills and the control of emotional reactions, in the absence of gross clouding of consciousness (i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of caring for a patient with dementia or any similar topic only for you Order Now drowsiness and the lack of alertness in the person). The condition is often irreversible and progressive†. Drawing on observations in all the health and all the social care settings, Kitwood ( 1997) suggested that people with Dementia were frequently denied personhood, mainly because of ‘ malignant social psychology’ in layman’s terms the negative attitudes and unhelpful behaviours of professional staff . Carers (Recognition and Services) Act ,1995 defines carer as: ‘someone who provides a substantial level of care on a regular basis’ people who are under a contract of employment are excluded. Carers for people with Dementia advocate for the development of person centered care which is one of the key ideas of the new culture of dementia care, which was formulated by the now deceased Tom Kitwood and the Bradford Dementia group and professionals as well as researchers who used and disseminated Kitwood’s work. The idea of person centered care is helpful.† It reinforces the PERSON and not the illness and when we consider the stigma associated with a diagnosis of dementia and how the person can become invisible this concept is a very good way of redressing th is balance. It is felt that a person centered/relationship centered approach to care will help to promote social Inclusion we felt that it was also necessary to consider within the context of Relationship centered care It encourages people caring for people with Dementia, such as staff in residential homes to find out about the whole Person, their life history, likes and dislikes etc. which will then improve the Care given to the person with dementia, and also make caring for them easier. It is a well recognised fact that Carers play a significant role in providing Support to people with dementia. Quite often this support is unpaid or contracted out with people frequently providing in excess of 50 hours per week with almost half of those providing such high levels of care being over 60 years of age. It is identified in the New Dementia Strategy (2009)that â€Å"family carers are often old and frail themselves and have high levels of carer burden, depression and Physical illness, and decreased quality of life†. Family carers need specific Emotional and practical support. Many family carers find the diagnosis of dementia traumatic. Where the family are the main carers, they must be offered a comprehensive Carer’s Assessment. Introduction As we all grow older, there is always the inkling of wonder about the illness of dementia, we have all witnessed it by either seeing our friends and family and neighbors somehow exhibiting some form and symptoms of the Dementia illness, and we just wonder if they are sufferers?. As a psychiatric nurse i often become involved in the lives of carers of people with Dementia usualy when a change or a crisis occurs, involving either the person cared for or the carer which by then the family find it hard to manage by themselves. I have come to realise that the carers often give up many of their outside interests rearrange or reorganize the home or even getting some neighbours for an hour or two to provide a sitting service for them to catch up with sleep and other necessary chores. This type of contribution from the carer I have come to acknowledge and to see it as recourses which have made me see the carer of a person with dementia in a different light. The support and care for older people with mental health needs as well as their carers had become the gradual responsibility of a constellation of statutory agencies in as much as volutantary organisation s and the independent companies. Research suggests there has been a cultural change in the role of the carer. Carers don’t choose to become carers: it just happens and they have to get on with it; if they did not do it, who would and what Would happen to the person they care for. In my current working Environment I have come across â€Å"The Essex, Strategy for Dementia 2011- 2014 which is based on national guidance set out in living well with dementia: A National Dementia Strategy,2009 (NDS), the subsequent Department of Health Quality Outcomes for people with Dementia and the NICE Quality Standard for Dementia The purpose of the Strategy is to provide an overarching statement of how the Objectives are met. With the new concepts and new statutes coming out for the Carers of people with Dementia I decided to under take a review on the Impact on Carers for caring for a person with Dementia as this is still a forgotten issue. I am hoping to empower myself with the information gathered to get a better understanding and insight into my named topic and also to determine if this is a Burden to the carer or it is simply an impact to the carer. There used to be sparce information on the role of the carer, but now there is an abundance of literature to support. With a better understanding of the subject topic I am hoping to share my findings with my colleagues and carers that might benefit from the little I may have gathered. Dementia Dementia is most commonly misunderstood in terms of what it is, who is affected and what the causes is. Definitions of Dementia have become more precise and to the point in the last twenty years or so, the current diagnostic criteria for Dementia mainly refer to the multiple cognitive and intellectual deficiencies. You read "Impact of caring for a patient with dementia" in category "Essay examples" The term Dementia which derives from the Latin word â€Å"Demes† which translates into English as out of one’s mind .This is commonly used as though there was only one illness or disease.( ). Dementia describes signs and symptoms that transpire when the brain is affected by a number of specific diseases and conditions. According to the definition given in the revised version of the International Classification Of Diseases (WHO 2010) ‘Dementia is a syndrome due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or progressive nature’ further explained as an acquired and usually irreversible disorder which is commonly regarded as a disease of the old age of 65 years plus. This highlights that most of the research has concentrated on elderly sufferers possibly to the detriment of the younger suffers and their careers. In 2006 the Alzheimer’s Society commissioned the London School of Economics and the Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London to produce a report on dementia in the UK. The research team was commissioned to provide the most up-to-date evaluation of the numbers of people with dementia in the UK, projections on numbers of people in the future and to explain the financial cost of dementia Health and social policy makers need accurate estimates of the numbers of people who currently have dementia and those who will develop it in the future in order to plan the services needed to support them. The research that underpins this report has used a methodology known as the Expert Delphi Consensus to produce the best possible estimates using currently available research data. Dilip V et al 92010) Ten leading UK and European experts systematically reviewed the evidence base and reached a consensus that: The prevalence of both young onset and late onset dementia increases with age, doubling with every five-year increase across the age range. The prevalence of young onset dementia (under 65 years old) was adjudged to be higher in men than in women for those aged 50–65, while late onset dementia was considered to be marginally more prevalent in women than in men. Alzheimer’s disease was considered to be the dominant subtype, particularly among older people, and in women. Frontotemporal dementia was considered to account for a substantial proportion of young onset cases among younger men. The report estimates that there are 11,392 people from black and minority ethnic groups with dementia. It is noteworthy that 6.1% of all people with dementia among Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups are young onset, compared with only 2.2% for the UK population as a whole, reflecting the younger age profile of BME communities. The prevalence of dementia among people in institutions varied little by age or gender, increasing from 55.6% among those aged 65–69 to 64.8% in those aged 95 and over. The consensus group also generated estimates of the prevalence of dementia among all those aged 65 years and over living in EMI (elderly mentally infirm) homes (79.9%), nursing homes (66.9%) and residential care homes (52.2%). The proportion of deaths attributable to dementia increases steadily from 2% at age 65 to a peak of 18% at age 85–89 in men, and from 1% at age 65 to a peak of 23% at age 85–89 in women. Overall, 10% of deaths in men over 65 years, and 15% of deaths in women over 65 years may be attributable to dementia. Annually, 59,685 deaths among the over 65s might have been averted if dementia were not present in the population. The majority of these deaths occurred among those aged 80–95 years. Delaying the onset of dementia by five years would halve the number of UK deaths due to dementia to 30,000 a year. It is estimated that there are now 683,597 people with dementia in the United Kingdom. This represents one person in every 88 (1.1%) of the entire UK population. For simplicity the Alzheimer’s Society(2001) will be using the figure 700,000 for people with dementia in the UK in public messages. The total number of people with dementia in the UK is forecast to increase to 940,110 by 2021 and 1,735,087 by 2051, an increase of 38% over the next 15 years and 154% over the next 45 years†. ( DEMENTIA UK 2011) The prevalence and incidence of Dementia is currently continuing to rise, according to the Department of Health’s statistics brought up in the new Dementia strategy of 2009 shows that both incident and prevalence of Dementia continue to rise in a linear manner among the patients who are over 65 years. Age continues to be the most important risk factor for dementia and it needs to be further understood of the role it plays for effective preventative an therapeutic plans and strategies to be put in place for future development. There are about 700 000 people with dementia in the UK. Dementia has a big effect on our society; there are at least 15,000 people under 65 who have the illness. The number of people with dementia in minority ethnic groups is about 15,000 but this figure will rise as populations get older. Dementia makes the lives of people who have it, and the lives of their families and carers, very difficult. Department of Health (2009). Career The Role of the carer is rarely chosen ,it is often thrust upon individuals as a consequence of a sudden illness, disability or accident of a family member . A carer is someone who provides unpaid care by looking after someone else who can either be a family member or a relative, or maybe a friend who is either ill or frail or possibly have a disability. (CarersUK 2011) Carers save the economy ?87 billion per year an average of 315,260 per Carers Many people who are carers do not necessarily recognise themselves as carers. They are parents, children, partners, friends or neighbours doing what needs to be done to maintain the quality of life for those that they are looking after. They may not realise that support is available to them in their caring role. It is vital that carers are identified and supported. Carers provide unpaid care and support, involving, for example, personal care (washing, bathing, dressing, feeding,) cooking, shopping, housework and giving emotional support. Carers have the right to an assessment of their needs and may be able to get extra help and financial support. They can discuss this with a member of staff who can signpost them appropriately to the social work team. Carers should have the opportunity to be involved whatever their age, gender, sexuality, disability or religion. Many children are carers and should be acknowledged as such. The important part is recognising and valuing carers as partners in the well-being and recovery of the patient. Their involvement is important, not least because of the emotional bond between carers and the people they care for. Good information enables carers to become partners in the provision of care and supports them in best helping the person they care for. Carers are an important people in our society. Most health and Community care is provided by family, friends, and relatives. Statistics from the Charity Carers UK indicate that 1 in 8 adults are cares, which is about six million people in retrospect of the United Kingdom population. It is also estimated that by the year 2037 it’s anticipated that the number of carers will increase to 9 million. Every day another 6000 people take on the caring responsibility. The latest figures on carers are from the 2011 census, this indicates that the 6 million carers are actually 10% of the total population and approximately this is 12% of the adult population. The 2001 census showed that women are more likely to be carers than men, across the UK the number of female carers totals 58% than man 42% Census Carers UK( 2001). Carers have achieved agreat deal in the last 15 years and it is essential that these gains are not lost or traded away in any new legal or policy initiative. One way which has been identified to charter these achievements is to plot them against the evolutionary scale pronounced by Twigg Artkin 1994. It is argued that the NHS and Community Care (1990) treated carers as a resourse valued only in terms of their ability to provide support , the act made no refernce to the rights for carers, relying instead opn the rhetoric of the guidance to deliver the message that they were valued. There are many impacts of caring for a person with Dementia, these vary from financial costs as caring can be significant, health, the impact of caring can be detrimental to the health of carers. The 2011 Census took place on 27 March 2011. Statistics obtained from a Census improve the understanding of people’s needs. Government and local Authorities in England and Wales depend on this information to help ensure that citizens get the services they need in their community. Scotland had a separate census, which will also took place on 27 March 2011. The ONS distributed questionnaires in March to around 25 million households. The survey covered questions ranging from information about work, health, national identity, citizenship, ethnic background, education, second homes, language, marital status and so on. Carers needed to fill the Census 2011forms as it also inquired about carers and cared for. All information provided was kept in strictest confidence and only to be used to produce statistics. The answers were to be turned into statistics used to build a picture of today’s society. It was deemed simple If the census could not see you, the organizations’ responsible for delivering the services you need would not be able to see you either. Policies Some legislation have been achieved as a successful campaigning by numerous local and national organizations, such as the work and families act 2006, this act gave carers the right to request flexible working times from their employer this came into effect around 2.65million carers. On 3rd of February 2009 the government published Living well with Dementia, a new national Dementia strategy which sets out to plan for action that should benefit the half a million carers looking after someone. The National Carers Strategy published in June 2008 and sets out a ten year vision for government and public bodies. Carers like everyone else in the UK are entitled to rely on the protection of the Human Rights Act 1998. The Government’s National Strategy – Caring about Carers published in 1999 (http:www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics) requires organisations to ensure inclusion of the carer as well as the individual patient or service user as partners and to give them real choices and control over the range, nature and timing of services. In June 2007, the DoH announced the introduction of a ‘New Deal for Carers’. This programme of work was a commitment in the DoH’s 2006 White Paper ‘Our Health, Our Care,Our Say’ . It includes proposals for a revision of the Prime Minister’s 1999 Carers Strategy, setting up: a help and advice telephone line; provision of cover in emergencies; and an expert carers’ programme. The UCLH Carers’ Policy has taken this new programe into account. A core principle of The NHS Plan (2000) states â€Å"The NHS will shape its services around the needs and preferences of individual patients, their families and their carers†. The Carers and Disabled Children Act (2000) means that carers have the right to be consulted about their willingness and / or ability to provide or continue to provide care for another person. ‘Being Open (National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) initiative, 2005) set out the obligation for trusts to be open and honest when communicating with patients and carers about the causes of any unexpected harm that resulted from the treatment and care of patients. The National Service Framework (NSF) for Older People (2001) standards set out the importance of information for carers. ‘Consent – A Guide for Relatives and Carers’ (2001) states that friends and relatives cannot make decisions on behalf of patients who cannot decide for themselves. Even so they may be able to tell health professionals about the person’s opinions and beliefs, for example if they have strong views about particular health conditions or treatments. In the case of children and young peop le, parents/guardians are able to consent for their children. However children and young people are also able to consent for themselves if they are deemed competent and capable of informed decision making. Please see the UCLH Consent Policy and Procedure for further guidance to staff on this issue. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 allows a person to use a LPA (Lasting Powers of Attorney) to appoint someone to act on their behalf if they should lose capacity in the future. This is like the Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA), but the Act expanded this to allow people to let an attorney make health and welfare decisions. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 took effect from April 2007. The Act provides a statutory framework to empower and protect patients who have made Advance Decisions commonly known as Living Wills. Please refer to the UCLH Policy on Advance Decisions (Living Wills) about Treatment and Care for guidance to staff on this issue The Carers Equal Opportunities Act (2004) promotes the health and welfare Of carers and states all carers’ needs should be assessed by their local council taking into account the carers’ wishes to work or undertake any education, training or leisure activities. Impact/Burden of Caring When caring roles have become well established their impact on the lives of carers and their family can be very significant. Most carer identify that caring had impacted negatively on their health and wellbeing ,mainly focusing on some reporting having suffered from a range of illness including Arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic fatigue/fibromyalgia and IBS exacerbated by their caring role (carers Scotland 2011) Almost half the carers interviewed reported that their condition had started after they began caring . The 2001 Census findings found out that those caring for 50 hours a week or more are twice likely to be in poor health as those not caring 21% against 11%. Income and finances continue to be a factor in affecting carers health and wellbeing. Other factors contributing to poor health amongst carers are low incomes and lack of breaks. Giving and receiving care is an essential part of each person’s humanity crucial for the well being of the overall society fabric, often you see carers feel unsupported with their needs unrecognized and their contribution taken for granted.(Stiell et al 2006) According to research by Carers Uk Finacial costs of caring can be significant .72% of carers wee found to be worse off financially as a result of becoming carers. The reasons cited for this include the additional costs of disability, giving up work to care , the inadequacy of disability benefits and the charges for services Once a diagnosis has been established and appropriate medical treatment initiated, more long term patterns of care may need to be considered. Any form of intervention needs to be guided by an understanding of what dementia is. (British journal of medical psychology, 1998). More in general the impact of caring for a person with Dementia is highlighted by a few more aspects mainly the change in behaviour presenting challenging behaviours,loss of recognition of people, loss of the person also known as the living bereavement, spouses often become labelled as carers when they wish to be seen as husband or wife leading to the loss of identity. One of the biggest impacts is the loss of freedom and flexibility to have a life because the constant role of looking after someone and limiting what you can do and where you can go. There is also the lack of understanding by society as a whole. The goal of good dementia care should be to improve people’s sense of well being the inner resources available to them and to lift their quality of life just as valid a set of therapeutic aims as cure. Because the giving of care is often seen as a matter of common sense, rather than as a complex, sophisticated and subtle process, there is a high use of unpaid carers. The diversity of this network is illustrated by the cost estimates for dementias in the UK ranging from ?1 billion to over ?14 billion per year ( Bosanquet colleagues 1998). If we are to transform quality of life we need to empower service users and their carers to make choices about what they want and enabling them to care for themselves and putting them and their carers at the heart of planning . What about the impact? The impact that is experienced or needed will vary over the course of the illness and from person to person and family to family. The most common areas the carers would need assistance with would be a key person to contact when help is needed. Empathetic understanding of the problems for both the person with dementia and the carer. A chance for the family carer to understand the experience of the person with dementia, which helps them to cope better. Quite often situations affecting the carers and even the person with dementia raise ethical problems such as issues around truth telling and reality orientation how to respond to things such as the person in their 80s who belives their parents are still alive. Peoples understanding of dementia from family to family are different Regardless of the ethnic, cultural or social group they belong to. However we have identified a number of concerns regarding how different groups understand dementia and access services People from BME groups are often more reluctant to approach services for help/support and diagnosis The understanding of dementia as an illness is variable amongst different communities and cultures some view it as something to be ashamed of and hidden. The common misconception amongst professional teams about BME families and communities â€Å"looking after their own† The lack of culturally appropriate services. This ranges from carers in the home to carers in care homes Some Admiral nurses have noticed that some cultural groups are reluctant to accept respite services; this could be linked to the lack of culturally appropriate services. Nurses identified that some assessment tools used to assess dementia are not cultur ally appropriate. The use of interpreters for assessment is problematic, a number of nurses spoke about the difficulties involved in assessing a client using an interpreter. The Nurses questioned the training of the interpreters used and wondered about levels of awareness of the importance of even slight differences in the way they interpreted answers could make. Literature review Studies used and research methods(general) Studies Results Discussion Conclusion Reference List How to cite Impact of caring for a patient with dementia, Essay examples

Western culture as apatriarchal discourse Essay Example For Students

Western culture as apatriarchal discourse Essay The dominant ideology that colonised Terra Australis and went on to construct Australia was patriarchal. Describe how this gendered perspective is evident in works from Australias past. Support your argument with reference to specific examples. Does such a view persist in the contemporary production of culture in Australia? Introduction The dominant ideology that colonised Terra Australis and subsequently Australia is a dominant ideology that prevails within Western society today. This ideology has not changed dramatically over the last 300 years. This ideology is based around notions of masculinity, superiority, capitalism, expansion and industrialisation which are inherently patriarchal traits. Todays public audience is definitely more liberal and open to a wider range of ideas and views as expressed by an artist and are far more accommodating than colonial days. However, we do have a prevailing culture that is predominantly capitalist and capitalism is strongly grounded within a patriarchal discourse, which in turn is heavily influenced by masculine ideologies. Western Culture as a Patriarchal Discourse. We will write a custom essay on Western culture as apatriarchal discourse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Western culture is deeply rooted in notions of patriarchal power and dominance, which have remained unchallenged for hundreds of years. A major component of the patriarchal system is understanding the placement of the other within this discourse. Patriarchal ideology is based around an historical and cultural language devised and set by the superiority of the male other. Even in terms of feminism, the female other has replicated herself on the male other for recognition and status within a patriarchal discourse. (Grosz, 1988) The beginnings of Western patriarchal culture can be dated back to the classical Greeks. At a time when great philosophers like Aristotle, Socrates and Plato held great public voice the other was given no real voice or platform from which to be heard. Indeed, Platos thoughts are dominated by a patriarchal hierarchy. His paper on the new world would see man superior to all other beings. Plato states he who has developed his male humanity and can participate in the highest functions of man, politics and war. (Elshtain 1973) The Church has also played a strong role in the definition of a patriarchal society. Until recent times, the Church has been a major influence on society and culture, dictating the accepted roles of gender and representation within society, stringently upholding the divine rules of procreation and obedience and the reverence of civilised man above all else. (Weedon 1987) The prevailing discourse of settlers and explorers to the new land of Terra Australis was that they were adding to, not displacing the local inhabitants. The colonists saw themselves and their ways of being as far superior and more civilised than the local savages and the Aborigines were treated accordingly. Notions of modern Australia were heavily influenced and biased toward masculine modes of thought. In this period we see women and Aborigines as being marginalised, if not totally ignored. This in part was probably due to work that still needed to be done to establish a new country. In Australia today, what we are more inclined to perceive, is a very superficial, politically correct democratic system, based around notions of equality for all marginalised groups eg ethnic races and gender groups. We have a legal system, that on face value, views all peoples as having equal rights and value within society. However, this system in essence does not always follow through on its promises. One only has to look at the Judge who stated when a woman says no, she may mean yes or that statistically, violence against women in this country is actually on the rise. Kenan Malik views Western culture as still being inherently a patriarchal society, the other is still marginalised into a point of indifference. Under notions of multi-culturalism, these differences have been embraced in a public sphere, giving all minorities a public voice, temporarily alleviating any notions of inequality within the different minority groups. .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 , .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .postImageUrl , .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 , .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:hover , .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:visited , .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:active { border:0!important; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:active , .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04 .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u308936a4cfbadfb715781c96c5524d04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any EssayWhat this course of action does in actuality however, is further marginalise minority groups by expounding and highlighting cultural differences. Not only does it highlight differences between gender, peoples and cultures it nullifies any political statements these groups would like to make regarding their placement within society (Malik, 2002) Colonial Artists and Public Discourse In the beginning of colonisation, Australia or Terra Australis was seen as something of a novelty country by European nations. Australian history, from a Western discourse, really only starts at the time of settlement as a penal colony (Eagl e, Johns 1994). Even through such harsh beginnings, Australia was viewed as a substitute for a home away from home by many of the British citizens inhabiting our shores at that time. There was really only one way and that was the British way. If Australia did not have what they were missing from home, they would endow her with it. This is particularly evident in social codes and behaviour from that period (I couldnt imagine wearing all those items of clothing on a 40 degree day, living in a tent in the middle of the bush!! ). During the 1800s Western culture was heavily invested in all things rational. The importance of the Church had slightly diminished with the advent of new scientific discoveries and it is with these discoveries that society began to believe that perhaps they could actually get closer to God if they understood the world around them better. Objects and art were placed into a classificatory mode and high art became a study into natural history and topography. These things were seen as necessary and imperative for the betterment of a civilised and enlightened nation. It should also be remembered that the camera as we know it had yet to be invented, so there was a great emphasis placed on the artist to produce a replica or exact likeness of the image for educational and reference purposes. (Eagle, Jones 1994) These images became a pictorial history of new lands discovered. In fact the dissemination of knowledge back to the homeland was so important that British officers were trained in the art of drawing so that they could compose a visual diary of their encounters and new findings. (Eagle, Johns 1994) The British Government of the time was very keen to illicit settlers to their newly occupied territory and employed the services of artists to depict a visual documentary of the beauty and bountiful landscape to be found in the new land. These pictures, enticed the new settlers by depicting a land that was vaguely similar to the British landscape, of one not as alien and foreign as one might think. Joseph Lycett was one such artist who imposed his own cultural codes and signifiers onto a newly discovered landscape. In 1824 he published a series of articles entitled Views in Australia to encourage more British settlement in Australia. (Eagle, Johns 1994). Lycett writes: Among all the various occurrences which constitute the history of human affairs, there are perhaps none calculated to excite such universal interest as the discovery of unknown countries, and the progress of art upon the soil and the people, which nature, on such occasions, resigns from her own creative hand to the care and culture of their civilised discoverers

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease Risks factors for cardiovascular disease that can and can not be changed.The risks factor for cardiovascular disease have been categorize by the American Heart Association (AHA) as the following: (1) Major risks factors that can not be changed (increasing age, male gender, and heredity). (2) Major risk factors that can be changed (cigarette/tobacco smoke, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and physical inactivity).(3) Other factors diabetes, Obesity, and stress.Physiological Benefits of physical Activity Research shows that moderate, not necessarily extensive exercise is sufficient for good health. For example, for both women and men, the chance of dying from cancer and several other diseases is greater for individuals with sedentary life-styles than those who engage in a daily brisk walk of 30 to 60 minutes (Cufman, 1993). Moderate regular exercise, lasting say 15 to 30 minutes, five times a week also has been found to improve health. In fact, high levels of exercise incre ase the risk of injuries (Edlin p.130Two views of local Extension leaders drilling in p...).If you exercise regularly, your overall risk of a heart attack is about 50 percent less than if you are inactive and out of shape. With routine exercise you can reach a level of physical fitness comparable to an active person ten to twenty years younger. Regular exercise may also lower your cholesterol and blood pressure, and reduce the risk of diabetes.Exercise increases the size of coronary arteries and reduce clogging due to atherosclerosis. Exercise also increases the efficiency of your blood's oxygen-carrying capacity and your muscles' uptake of oxygen.Exercise has been linked to increased levels of high density lipoprotein (good) cholesterol and decreases low-density lipoprotein (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride levels. After exercising for 6 to 12 months, lowered cholesterol levels can mean as much as a 30 percent reduction in the risk of coronary artery...

Profile Dolores Huerta, Co-Founder of the United Farm Workers

Profile Dolores Huerta, Co-Founder of the United Farm Workers Known for:  co-founder and a leader of the United Farm Workers Dates: April 10, 1930 - Occupation: labor leader and organizer, social activist Also known as: Dolores  Fernndez Huerta About Dolores Huerta Dolores Huerta was born in 1930 in Dawson, New Mexico. Her parents,  Juan and Alicia Chavez Fernandez, divorced when she was very young, and she was raised by her mother in Stockton, California, with the active help of her grandfather, Herculano Chavez. Her mother worked two jobs when Dolores was very young. Her father watched the grandchildren. During World War II, Alicia Fernandez Richards, who had remarried, ran a restaurant and then a hotel, where Dolores Huerta helped out as she grew older. Alicia divorced her second husband, who had not related well to Dolores, and married Juan Silva. Huerta has credited her maternal grandfather and her mother as the primary influences on her life. Dolores also was inspired by her father, whom she saw infrequently until she was an adult, and by his struggles to make a living as a migrant laborer and coal miner. His union activity helped inspire her own activist work with a Hispanic self-help association. She married in college, divorcing her first husband after having two daughters with him. Later she married Ventura Huerta, with whom she had five children. But they disagreed over many issues including her community involvements, and first separated and then divorced.  Her mother helped her support her continuing work as an activist after the divorce. Dolores Huerta became involved in a community group supporting farm workers which merged with the AFL-CIOs Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC). Dolores Huerta served as secretary-treasurer of the AWOC. It was during this time that she met Cesar Chavez, and after theyd worked together for some time, formed with him the National Farm Workers Association, which eventually became the United Farm Workers (UFW). Dolores Huerta served a key role in the early years of farmworker organizing, though she has only recently been given full credit for this. Among other contributions was her work as the coordinator for East Coast efforts in the table grape boycott, 1968-69, which helped to win recognition for the farm workers union. It was during this time that she also became connected with the growing feminist movement including connecting with Gloria Steinem, who helped influence her to integrate feminism into her human rights analysis. In the 1970s Huerta continued her work directing the grape boycott, and expanding to a lettuce boycott and a boycott of Gallo wine.  In 1975, the national pressure brought results in California, with the passage of legislation recognizing the right of collective bargaining for farmworkers, the Agricultural Labor Relations Act. During this period she had a relationship with Richard Chavez, a brother of Cesar Chavez, and they had four children together.   She also headed up the farm workers unions political arm and helped lobby for legislative protections, including maintaining the ALRA. She helped found a radio station for the union, Radio Campesina, and spoke widely, including lectures and testifying for protections for farm workers. Dolores Huerta had a total of eleven children.  Her work took her away from her children and family frequently, something she expressed regret for later. In 1988, while demonstrating peacefully against the policies of candidate George Bush, she was severely injured when police clubbed the demonstrators. She suffered broken ribs and her spleen had to be removed. She eventually won a considerable financial settlement from the police, as well as changes in police policy on handling demonstrations. After her recovery from this life-threatening attack, Dolores Huerta returned to working for the farm workers union.  Shes credited with holding the union together after the sudden death of Cesar Chavez in 1993. Sources Susan Ferriss, Ricardo Sandoval, Diana Hembree (editor). The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement. Paperback, 1998.

Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Organizational Ethics - Essay Example External social pressures have both positive as well as negative impact on the ethics of an organization. The social expectations are meant to be given more importance by the company as this leads to better performance or downfall of the company. These social pressures are such that it bounds a company to give special consideration to the expectations of the society in terms of involvement in general community or performing responsibility towards the environment. The positive impact of this social pressure is that it enables a firm to work for a cause and deliver the best of services to its customers. As in the case of 21st Century Insurance where the main focus of the management is to meet the demands of their customers so that they work for the well being of their customers. On the other hand the negative impact of such external social pressures is that it greatly affects the decision making process and enforces the management to take decisions or take certain factors into account which currently was not being planned by the organization. This negative impact has been observed in the case of 21st Century Insurance where it had to implement strategies so as to meet the social expectations. ` The concept of ethical approach is essential in organizational or personal context as it helps to resolve many issues. The major factor of its importance is that it helps to design a framework within which an organization can operate. It even facilitates decision making process through its proper guidance in terms of analyzing what is wrong and what is right. The external social pressures help an organization to understand the expectations of the society and the responsibilities that they have towards the society so as to enhance the overall societal improvement. The decision making process gets simpler through these issues as it enables an individual to understand the

Strategic Planning Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Planning - Dissertation Example Introduction Strategic planning within organizations is one of the most essential aspects of both sustainability and growth. Without the ability to meet the needs of strategic planning, there is the inability to move forward with specific needs and to reach the full potential of the organization. While strategic planning is required for the development of a company, the implementation and the end goals are often not met. The problems which arise are based on the various aspects of the organization and how it associates with the needs of each of the goals. Leadership capacities, communication tools, participation and the ability to reach smaller and larger goals through various initiatives are some of the several areas in which strategic planning is not implemented in the correct manner. This is followed with complexities which arise from the organizational culture and the expectations which are associated with meeting change or resistance to the workforce that is a part of the organi zation (Rothwell, 2010). ... The research will also examine specific areas in which strategic planning can alter, specifically with associations such as getting more employees available for participation, building milestones and metrics to incorporate the strategic plans with and altering the approaches toward the vision so it becomes tangible within the company. By investigating how these can be used, there is the ability to create and develop more alternatives with the required strategic plans and how these can alter into a form of action. Problem Statement While strategic plans are developed within corporations, they are often not implemented and end goals are not met. Literature Review (ADD 10 PAGES TO THIS LIT REVIEW SECTIONOFTHE PAPER) The approach which is taken toward strategic planning and implementation is one which is based on the understanding of taking action within a corporation. Without the correct strategies, there is the inability to provide higher amounts of sustainability and growth within a c ompany. However, there are often problems and difficulties with creating the required changes. This literature review will examine the various aspects of strategic planning and implementation as well as how it alters according to the difficulties which are in the organizational culture. The review will examine the various dimensions that are associated with strategic planning. It will further define the obstacles that do not allow the plans to be implemented at various levels within an organization. There will also be reference to theories which are created to alter the strategic planning so it becomes one that is associated with constructive

Sleep and Dream :: essays research papers

Sleep and Dreams Sleep is a behavioral state characterized by little physical activity and almost no awareness of the outside world. Sleep is actually made up of two separate and distinctly different states called REM sleep (rapid eye movement) and NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement). With NREM sleep it is further divided into stage 1-4 based on the size and the speed of the brain waves. Step one is the stage when you drift off to sleep or doze off. For example people doze off in class because you are bored and have nothing to do but listen to the teacher talk. Some parents may call it a cat nape when their kids go to sleep for about ten minutes or so. The second stage is called an intermediate stage of sleep. That is when the sleeper will gradually descend deeper into sleep, becoming more and more detached from the outside world and progressively more difficult to awaken. Stage three is the beginning of deep sleep, occurring about thirty to forty five minutes after you first fall asleep. The deepest sleep occurs in Stage four. Stage three and four has the biggest and slowest brain wave. REM sleep, a mentally active period during which dreaming occurs, provided a biological explanation for this phenomenon. Scientists found that brain activity during REM sleep begins in the pons, a structure in the brainstem, and neighboring midbrain regions. The pons sends signals to the thalamus and to the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for most thought processes. There are several myths about sleep. For one, how much sleep a person should get? According to our text book people should sleep for at least eight hours to maintain sound mental and physical health. But every one doesn’t get the chance to slee p for that amount of time. There is no normal amount of time you should sleep. Everyone is not the same. For one I might sleep for five hours and feel refreshed enough to work another shift. Other hand my cousin might need more then eight hours of sleep to feel refreshed. Another myth is that you can learn complicated things, like a new language, while you are sleep. Personally no, because the only way you can learn something is to be awake. When a person fall to sleep while listening to a cd player or tape player while they are sleeping they are not going to hear what is said when they are in a deep sleep. Sleep and Dream :: essays research papers Sleep and Dreams Sleep is a behavioral state characterized by little physical activity and almost no awareness of the outside world. Sleep is actually made up of two separate and distinctly different states called REM sleep (rapid eye movement) and NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement). With NREM sleep it is further divided into stage 1-4 based on the size and the speed of the brain waves. Step one is the stage when you drift off to sleep or doze off. For example people doze off in class because you are bored and have nothing to do but listen to the teacher talk. Some parents may call it a cat nape when their kids go to sleep for about ten minutes or so. The second stage is called an intermediate stage of sleep. That is when the sleeper will gradually descend deeper into sleep, becoming more and more detached from the outside world and progressively more difficult to awaken. Stage three is the beginning of deep sleep, occurring about thirty to forty five minutes after you first fall asleep. The deepest sleep occurs in Stage four. Stage three and four has the biggest and slowest brain wave. REM sleep, a mentally active period during which dreaming occurs, provided a biological explanation for this phenomenon. Scientists found that brain activity during REM sleep begins in the pons, a structure in the brainstem, and neighboring midbrain regions. The pons sends signals to the thalamus and to the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for most thought processes. There are several myths about sleep. For one, how much sleep a person should get? According to our text book people should sleep for at least eight hours to maintain sound mental and physical health. But every one doesn’t get the chance to slee p for that amount of time. There is no normal amount of time you should sleep. Everyone is not the same. For one I might sleep for five hours and feel refreshed enough to work another shift. Other hand my cousin might need more then eight hours of sleep to feel refreshed. Another myth is that you can learn complicated things, like a new language, while you are sleep. Personally no, because the only way you can learn something is to be awake. When a person fall to sleep while listening to a cd player or tape player while they are sleeping they are not going to hear what is said when they are in a deep sleep.

Tb leadership

Many leaders forget that business is about values, not Just economic performance. Moral leadership doesn't mean ignoring profit and loss, stock price, production costs, and other hard measurable facts. But it does require recognizing the Importance of moral values, human meaning, quality, and higher purpose. Despite the corporate realities of greed, competition, and the drive to achieve goals and profits, leaders can act from moral values and encourage others to develop and use moral values In the workplace. 0 2. How does a leader find the courage to step through fear and confusion, to act despite the risks Involved? All of us have the potential to live and act courageously, If we can push through our own fears. Most of us have learned fears that limit our comfort zones and stand in the way of being our best and accomplishing our goals. We have been conditioned to follow the rules, not rock the boat, to go along with things we feel are wrong so others will like and accept us.There ar e a number of ways people can unlock the courage thin themselves, including committing to causes they believe in, connecting with others, welcoming failure as a natural and beneficial part of life, and harnessing anger. 180-185 3. What is the concept of servant leadership described by Robert Greengage? According to Greengage, servant leaders: 1) put service before self-interest; 2) listen first to affirm others; 3) inspire trust by being trustworthy; and 4) nourish others and help them become whole. Servant leaders truly value and respect others as human beings, not as objects of labor.

Cloning The Future Of Medicine And The Curing Of Diseases

Cloning By: Joshua Weidner Cloning: is it the future of medicine and the curing of diseases or is it the beginning of an unholy tragedy? Cloning needs to be looked into for the fact it could help save many people s lives. Before I decided to study the subject I had no idea how much cloning could help us as the human race. Cloning is a very promising field of study and could hold the key to the future of what it means to be human. Almost everyone has come to believe that the first animal to be cloned was Dolly the sheep but this is not entirely true. The first animal to be â€Å"cloned† was a sea urchin back in the year 1885. This is over 100 years before Dolly the sheep came to be. Technically, the sea urchin was not cloned but the embryos were separated. This proved that each embryo had its own set of genetic material that was capable of creating an entirely new organism that is identical to the last. (The History of Cloning). The man who performed the experiment of separating embryos was named Hans Adolf Edward Dreisch. After this experiment had been successful in the year 1902 another scientist by the name of Hans Spemann attempted to separate embryos in a more complex animal. He did so using a salamander as a test subject. Due to the complexity of the animal Hans figured out that in certain animals the embryo could only be split at a certain stage of development. (history of cloning learn.genetics. utah). Briggs and King were the first scientists to successfully do aShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering And Its Effects1592 Words   |  7 PagesA future with no more disease, no more limitations to what we can or cannot do, the making of a superhuman, playing God. Scientists can now make humans better than ever by improving their bodies by changing the cells in your body. Genetic engineering can also prevent long-time diseases from continuing in a family and help treat many illnesses. Though it can help many issues, it brings up many problems if used improperly and often abused. Genetic engineering harbors more moral and ethical issues thanRead MoreCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. They do the same things as you, act the same way you do, and are exactly alike in several ways. But have people ever considered the consequences of human cloning if it becomes permitted? Human cloning might seem like something out of a science-fiction novel, but it may someday be possible with advances in science and technology. This will result in the creation of severalRead MoreEssay Problems with Embryonic Stem-Cell Research1416 Words   |  6 Pagesembryonic stem cell research has become a popular topic and has been the subject for many heated debates. Experts in the field of stem cell research promise that this will be the future of medicine; that stem cells will be the cure to all the debilitating diseases and afflictions of today, such as Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, cancer and nerve damage. The truth about embryonic stem cell research is that it is not as hopeful and as revolutio nary as it seems. Many problems that will negate the useRead MoreIs Cloning A Real Development?1031 Words   |  5 Pagescreate new ideas and give hope to the human population, but some discoveries are out of mankind s hands. Cloning is starting to become a real development but issues such as later development issues, overpopulation and the idea of decreasing natural individuality keep it at a standstill. While Cloning is at a standstill there are things that make it an interesting research development. Cloning: the complete copy of an original piece. With all the downfalls of the new technology idea, some are blindedRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Cloning1337 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits of Human Cloning There are many ways in which in which human cloning is expected to benefit mankind. Below is a list that is far from complete. †¢ Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthyRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research1675 Words   |  7 Pagesscience reality. In this age, one can replicate many types of specific cells, such as blood, brain, tissue or muscle cells from a single stem cell. These stem cells, in theory can be used to heal or replace damage cells in our bodies thus curing us of certain diseases. These stem cells are the basic cells to develop any type of organism and its research is not allowed without incredible controversy. As one might imagine, such potential power has been seen as unethical and violating some of religion sRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1313 Words   |  6 Pageswould considered murder. HES cell research relates to human cloning, which is also an unethical issue. To understand the similarity between HES cell research requires comprehending the two types of human cloning, therapeutic and reproductive. HES cell research is more closely related to therapeutic cloning because of their different goals of cloning. â€Å"The goal of reproductive cloning is to create a baby, whereas the goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce embryonic stem cells† (Embryonic Stem). â€Å"AnotherRead MoreCloning Is The New Black2527 Words   |  11 Pages8 December, 2014 Cloning is the New Black Cloning could potentially allow advances in science that will benefit society as a whole. Cloning of both humans and animals can help advancements in curing a variety of diseases. Those who oppose this proposition believe it is morally and ethically wrong. Proponents for cloning animals know that it can allow for a healthier lifestyle and help maximize production numbers, while opponents think that the technologies will be abused. Cloning has caused a numberRead MoreGenetic Engineering Exposition998 Words   |  4 PagesYear 12 English Studies: Expository Writing Argue the case for or against cloning and genetic engineering. Advances in technology today have opened the window of opportunities towards curing the ill and abolishing future genetic disadvantages of the next generations. The possibilities of aiding all of civilization has just been given petrol for the car but some sceptics still want to let the air out of the tyres. The general well being of the children of tomorrow is the key focus of this debateRead MoreThe Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research1262 Words   |  6 Pagesharvest stem cells, cell-based therapies and many other aspects of stem cell research can benefit. For example, instead of donating organs or tissues doctors can create them via stem cells thus, eliminating the need to find a donator. In the field of medicine the need for transplants far outways the supply. â€Å"It was hypothesized that if adult stem cells [somatic stem cells] from a specific organ could be collected and multiplied, it might be possible to use the resultant cells to replace a diseased organ

The Battle Of Gettysburg And Civil War - 1375 Words

The Battle of Gettysburg occurred July 1-3, 1863 in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was one of the most significant battles of the American Civil War. Union forces of the North, commanded by Major General George G. Meade met and fought the Confederate forces of the South, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. Many historians believe the battle was a large turning point in the Civil War in favor of the Union (Woodworth, 2008). However, this is disputable. The battle was also significant because it was the bloodiest battle of the war, which resulted in the death of 51,112 Soldiers (The Battle of Gettysburg, The American Civil War, Statistics, n.d.). The Union forces defeated the Confederacy at Gettysburg resulting in the Confederate force’s retreat back to Virginia. Setting the Stage Major General George G. Meade commanded the Union forces, organized under the Army of the Potomac, during the Battle of Gettysburg. Meade was born in Cà ¡diz, Spain to a U.S. naval agent on December 31, 1815. Meade graduated from West Point in 1835 and served briefly in the Seminole War. In 1836, he resigned from the Army and became a civil engineer. In 1842, Meade joined the Army again. He served as a Topographical Engineer in the Mexican American War, and was a veteran of multiple Civil War battles prior to the Battle of Gettysburg. Meade received the position as Commander of the Army of the Potomac only three days prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, following the resignation ofShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesOn July 1, 1863, the bloodiest, most gruesome war in American History began. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Union Army under the command of General George G . Meade faced the Confederate Army led by General Robert E. Lee. They clashed for a long, tragic, three days, but at a costly expense of human life. The American Civil War was one of the most significant battles that the United States has ever been engaged in. On the lines, there were brothersRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagessmall town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was awoken to the beginning of what was to be the turning point of the Civil War for the Union. It began as a small skirmish, but by its end it involved so many Americans to which would become one of the bloodiest battles ever taken place on Unites States soil. The Battle of Gettysburg was not only a turning point in the war. From July 1st to July 3rd, 1863, the most famous and most important Civil War Battle took place in the small town of Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Civil War970 Words   |  4 Pagesago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. One of the most well-known and 16th president of the United States stated these words at the Battle of Gettysburg. A two-minute speech that made such an emotional and passionate impact on the men then and future. He created a dramatic tone to empower, motivate, and engage in the new found nation where men were created equal. A purpose of his speech wasRead MoreBattle Of Gettysburg : Gettysburg Of The American Civil War1465 Words   |  6 PagesShaJuan Ervin Dr.Seamen MIS 303-01 2/24/16 Battle of Gettysburg Day 3 The Battle of Gettysburg is widely known as the largest battle of the American Civil War. This crucial battle occurred over three days, July 1st to July 3, 1863 surrounding the town of Gettysburg. In this battle, General Robert E. Lee tactfully awaited the forces of General Meade’s Union. On July 1st the Confederates were exploited by the Union resulting in a loss. The following day, the Confederates gained ground by conductingRead MoreThe American Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg985 Words   |  4 PagesGettysburg was fought during the Civil War between the Union Army of the Potomac led by General Meade, and the Confederate Army commanded by General R.E. Lee. The battle only was waged over the course of three days, but it would prove to be the most costly of the entire Civil War. In this paper, we will show how the Confederacy failed to identify certain principles of war, which lead them to incorrectly conduct a center of gravity and critical vulnerability analysis on t he Union. Because of thisRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And American Civil War924 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg was fought over the first three days in July 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia, while Union Major General George Gordon Meade commanded the Army of the Potomac. The Battle of Gettysburg involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war s turning point. With his army in highRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg During The Civil War847 Words   |  4 Pagesin which Family members fought on opposing sides of the war, for example: the Culp Family from Pennsylvania, Crittenden Family from Kentucky. Even President Lincoln’s wife had members of her family that fought on opposing sides. This is the perfect example of people fighting for their own cause not just because there was a line drawn on a map. Before the Battle of Gettysburg even started many soldiers had fought side by side in multiple battles as US Soldiers, where many friendships were born. OnceRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The American Civil War1993 Words   |  8 Pagesagree that the Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the American Civil War. Some even go as far to as to call it the â€Å"high water mark† of the Confederate States. What is known is that it represented the last time a coherent Confederate Army threatened northern soil. In fact, from Gettysburg forward, the Confederation of Southern States would be fighting a defensive/fighting retreat. Gettysburg was one of the bloodiest battles of the war, but there were many bloody battles during the AmericanRead More The Battle of Gettysburg as the Turning Point of the Civil War1603 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gettysburg was the turning point of the American Civil War. This is the most famous and important Civil War Battle that occurred over three hot summer days, July 3, 1863, around the small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. More importantly Gettysburg was the clash between the two major American Cultures of their time: the North and the South. The causes of the Civil War, and the Battle of Gettysburg, one must understand the differences between these two cultures. The Confederacy had anRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg As A Turning Point Of Civil War1048 Words   |  5 PagesResearch question: Why was the Battle of Gettysburg considered a tur ning point of Civil War and what are the economics impacts of the event during the time? I. Introduction This purpose of this paper is to show why the Battle of Gettysburg was considered a turning point in Civil War and what are the economics influences of the outcome during the time of the event. The influences on both North and South’s markets are studied and will be shown whether any changes were made during the turning point

Benefits And Benefits Of Employee Benefits - 1957 Words

Employee benefits are an important component of compensation for many US employees. Approximately 30% of worker compensation comes in the form of fringe benefits, and benefits have been linked to increased productivity and worker satisfaction, and reduced absenteeism (Artz, 2010). While health and life insurance are common benefits provided to employees, firms also offer EAP programs, child care, flexible work hours, work-at-home programs, long-term disability insurance, and health and wellness programs including well-baby programs, gym memberships, stress reduction programs, on-site flu vaccines, and weight management programs. Relatively little is known about how corporations make decisions about the benefits they offer their†¦show more content†¦Organizational climates which promote risk taking have been theorized to impact corporate innovation independently (Caruana, Ewing, Ramaseshan, 2002) or in combination with other organizational and environmental factors (Nystrom, Ramamurthy, Wilson, 2002). As an independent predictor, risk taking is viewed as a necessary prerequisite for adopting new ideas whose outcomes cannot be guaranteed (Albrecht Hall, 1991). A meta-analysis of 24 organizational studies demonstrated that organizational support for risk taking demonstrated a 0.78 effect size on innovation (Hunter, Bedell, Mumford, 2007). Pro-innovation attitudes by managers predict innovation adoption in both the public and private sector (Moon and Bretschneider 2002; Thong and Yap 1995). As a mediator, organizational support for risk taking may explain the relationship of organizational fina ncial health (Kearney, Feldman, Scavo, 2000; Walker Boyne, 2006) and size (Damanpur 2010; Walker 2008). To complement our previous research which identified organizational risk-taking as a significant predictor of innovative health benefit decision-making (Rost, 2014), the research team conducted an exploratory analysis of factors associated with organizational risk-taking in human resource departments to inform future research on employee benefit decision-making. Methodology Data The data were

Small-Scale Fish Farming in Bangladesh Free Essays

string(84) " stocked with fingerlings or fry and the fish can be harvested later on using nets\." Small-scale fish farming in Bangladesh Introduction For many people in Bangladesh small-scale fish farming is an important opportunity to generate income and is a significant nutritional source providing protein-rich food all year round. It comprises of a range of options that can be adapted to suit the needs and capacity of people living in rural Bangladesh. The two approaches commonly implemented on a small scale are: †¢ Local pond fish farming Open water fish farming in lakes, rivers, dams and reservoirs The benefit to low-income farmers is that they are able to invest in fish cultivation when there is sufficient income, which will then be able to generate additional income and food when other sources of income are limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Small-Scale Fish Farming in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Much of Bangladesh is flooded annually during the monsoon season as water flows into the country through the Ganga (Ganges), Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. This provides an extensive range of habitats for wild and cultivated fish species. Fish catches are highest after the monsoon rains when supplies of other foods, such as rice, are low. With so much water, fishing plays a vital role in the economy of rural villages. Fish farming options Capital intensive One of the main trends in fish culture over recent years has been towards capital-intensive, high-input high-yield systems, which can dramatically improve the rate of production if operated in ideal conditions. The development of practical hatching techniques has vastly improved fish cultivation and allowed careful breeding and selection of desired species to take place. Although these techniques were introduced to Bangladesh some years ago, it has taken time for them to become established. Commercially produced fish have become a significant proportion of the total fish supply. But intensive cultivation methods increase the cost of fish production beyond the reach of poorer farmers. Consequently, alternative low-cost approaches have been promoted by NGOs working in the country. Fish farming for the poor An enormous variety of water bodies, including rivers, irrigation canals, flood plains, beels (large depressions), ox bow lakes and ponds are dispersed throughout Bangladesh offering considerable potential for fish cultivation, but a general lack of capital, access to resources and knowledge means that many farmers are unable to provide all the commercial inputs required for intensive production methods. An alternative low-cost approach is more appropriate for many people, relying on existing water bodies and natural vegetation and household waste, supplemented with animal protein in the form of snails and homemade supplements for fish feed. Many NGOs are adopting strategies to minimise the inherent riskiness of fish culture by undertaking research into low-input systems, low-cost technology, fast growing species and alternative management practices. Pond culture Site selection is an important factor in the success of a fish farm but the ideal site is usually not available to poorer families. Site location will be dependent on a number of factors: †¢ The fish species being raised. †¢ Soil quality, which affects water quality and productivity. †¢ An adequate supply of water. †¢ Land ownership. Marketplace and market conditions. †¢ Fish food and other inputs available to the farmer. †¢ Groups adjacent to water. †¢ More than 1 metre water retention capacity for at least 6 months of the year. †¢ Pollution free. Ideally, the fishpond should be 0. 5 to 1. 0 metres at the shallow end and sloping to 1. 5 to 2 . 0 metres at the drain end. Drain vales, baffle boards or tilt-over standpipes s hould be incorporated into the design. It should be possible to drain the pond within three days. The edges of the pond should have a slope of 2:1 or 3:1 on all sides. If possible the pond should be located to take advantage of the effect of the wind on the surface of the pond to mix the water; although locations that are too windy can cause erosion of dykes. If the site is very windy the long side of the pond should be at right angles to the prevailing wind. Hedges and trees can be used to protect the pond. In practice, existing ponds and pools are abundant in Bangladesh, often located near to farmers’ homes. Small-scale fish cultivation is mainly a secondary occupation for farmers. These ponds tend to be small (less than 0. 5 acres) and do not have any water drain facility. They are commonly referred to as fishponds but are in fact â€Å"borrow pits†, where earth has been removed for building. Fish breading is just one of the activities that the ponds are used for. Other uses may include domestic water use, washing, irrigation or duck keeping. Ponds are occasionally integrated into paddy fields as additional ditches. Consequently, t he ponds have many limitations for producing fish. In managing the ponds there are many potential problems to be considered, including: †¢ Broken pond banks; check the pond walls on a regular basis. An irregular water supply, too much water in the monsoon season and too little in the summer. †¢ Predators; check the pond for signs of snake and rat holes. The Boal fish is a particular menace that eats smaller fish. †¢ Grazing animals can damage the pond banks and should be kept out of the way. †¢ Silting or a build up of organic matter; check the bottom of the pond and scoop silt out when required. Mud on the bottom of the ponds can be agitated with a rope to release harmful gasses. †¢ Leakage; check the inlet and outlet on a regular basis. Fish diseases; check the fish on a regular basis. †¢ Poor water quality; lime can be added to improve the water quality. Open water fish farming Open water fish farming is particularly suited to Bangladesh with its man y water sources. Cages or pens are used to separate an area of larger water bodies for fish cultivation. The selected water source should be of good quality with low turbidity. Dams and reservoirs primarily exist to store water but as a secondary function these bodies of water can be stocked with fingerlings or fry and the fish can be harvested later on using nets. You read "Small-Scale Fish Farming in Bangladesh" in category "Essay examples" In river locations a slow current is necessary and there should be little disturbance from water traffic. The disadvantages are: †¢ Fish farmers have little control of the water, as they do not own the dam or reservoir. †¢ Water cannot be drained, as the main function of the resource is to provide water. †¢ There are likely to be more predators of the fish in the water. †¢ It is not possible to feed or fertilize the water, as occurs in more intensive fish farming, so there is a reliance on naturally occurring fish food. There is a potential risk from disease but stock held in small-scale cages scattered around villages will probably be less vulnerable than stock held in more concentrated and centralized commercial systems. †¢ The risk from theft and vandalism is a serious problem in some places. This is especially real for the poorest people who are perceived as easy victims. †¢ A significant expansion of cage culture activities in some villages could le ad to local depletion of snail or other foods, to the detriment of ducks and other domestic and wild animals. †¢ Multiple ownership of ponds can be a major drawback to the effective use of such resources. Consensus over access to the water for the poor has to be developed. Figure 2: Bilkish Begum and Hamida Begum working with fish cages (Photo credit: Practical Action / Zul) Fish cages Cages are used as a form of farming in their own right within flowing or large bodies of water and can also be used in small pond fish culture to protect fingerlings in the initial stages of development. Small cages with a capacity of one cubic metre are suitable for fingerling protection. The cage can hold up to 300 fish at a time. People grow fish in their local ponds using a simple fish cage known locally as a â€Å"hapa†. A few young fish are put into each â€Å"hapa†, which acts as their home, floating just below the surface of the pond. Cage construction Cages can be made using a few cheap materials. Bamboo poles form an outer frame that is covered in netting; inside is a â€Å"nursery† section for the younger, more delicate fish; and floats are added at the corners. A cage is a very simple means of restraining fish in one place and it can be easily made using local materials. Cage design must incorporate certain physical properties, including the ability to hold fish securely but also to be within the financial means of the cage operators. The cages presently used are small in size, measuring between 1 and 2m3, inexpensive and simple to construct. Farmers use both fixed and floating cages. In general, fixed cages are installed in water where the depth is relatively low and bamboo poles can be fixed into the riverbed or substrate. Floating cages do not have this limitation and can be used in deep water. Floating cages tend to be easier to manage but when selecting the type and design the following points should be considered: †¢ Ability †¢ Input availability †¢ Natural disaster †¢ Type of water body Water depth †¢ Water current †¢ Water retention period over one year †¢ Social problem †¢ Cage management Fixed cages Fixed cages are very easy to construct and only require a small amount of capital investment. The materials needed to make fixed cages are netting with an 8mm mesh size, bamboo, rope, twine and sinker. Routine management is difficult for these cages and storms, strong c urrents, tidal surges and flooding may cause damage if precautionary measures are not taken. Fixed cages are difficult to move from one place to another during water fluctuation. A top cover is usually provided on cages to reduce the risk of fish escaping, especially in areas prone to flash floods where water levels rise very quickly. A small opening is kept at one edge or in the middle of the top covering for feeding purposes. A feeding platform made of fine mesh is placed on the bottom of each cage to minimise food loss. To fix the cage, four bamboo poles are fixed in the substrate and the four top and bottom corners of the cage are tied to the bamboo poles with nylon rope, allowing the cage netting to stretch. To minimise installation cost and to reduce daily management labour, cages are sometimes fixed in rows with a narrow space between the adjacent cages. Floating cages The size of the cage is usually 1m3. A top net is always used to minimise escapees because the cage is only a few centimetres above the water surface. The top of the cage is on hinges that can be opened to allow feeding, the checking of fish, the removal of waste and harvesting. A layer of fine mesh net is placed along the bottom of the cage and 10 centimetres up each side which reduces food loss. However, where water has a high turbidity, the use of fine mesh is not recommended as it clogs up the mesh and causes structural stress on the cage frame. In these areas, feeding trays should be used instead of fine mesh. Buoyancy is achieved by using four plastic floats (buoys) which are tied to the four horizontal frames, approximately 10 centimetres from the top of the cage. Bamboo frame cage To make a 1m3 bamboo cage, twelve one metre long bamboo sticks (about 2cm in diameter) are required and fixed into the holes of the angles, one angle for each corner, giving a box shape. Advantages and disadvantages of fixed and floating cages | |Fixed cages |Floating cages | |Advantages | |Cost per unit is small |Water volume remains constant even with a fluctuation in the water | |Not damaged by storms |level | |Easy age management |Cage can be installed in deep water | |Cage bags spread properly in the water |Floating cage with box type frame gives adequate space inside | |Easy to const ruct | |In tidal water bodies the effective cage depth is greater | |Disadvantages | |Water depth inside cage varies with the fluctuation of the water |Cost per unit is higher than fixed cages | |level |Algae deposits on cage net affect the water exchange | |Vulnerable to tidal surge and storm |Cage management i. e. cleaning, moving and sampling are not easy | |Cage cannot be installed in all types of water bodies |Due to water flow sometimes the cage bag does not spread properly | |Prone to crab cutting |Easy to steal fish by lifting the cage | |Poorer fish growth and higher mortality rate |During flooding may wash away | Cage management Care of cages – cleaning of aquatic weeds nearby, removal of water hyacinth, cleaning of waste feeds from cages, cleaning of deposited silts from cage, removal of dead fishes, checking cage frames, floats, ties, anchors, feeding trays etc. , cage shifting, considering the water level, checking water pollution and guarding. Care of net – Algae attachment should be cleaned at regular basis to ensure water exchange, net holes must be checked properly and need quick repairing when necessary. Care of fish – profitability depends on proper attention to the fish growth, regular, adequate and quality feeding is important. Fish health and disease should be monitored during feeding and sampling. The fish must be fed daily using aquatic weed or a mixture of rice bran, oil cakes, kitchen waste, chopped snails or cow dung. Minimising risk of cage culture †¢ Appropriate cage design can help minimise failure. †¢ The use of more than one cage per household greatly reduces the risk of an individual losing all fish. †¢ Placing many cages together in clusters also reduces the risk of poaching. †¢ Individual farmers can form groups that can guard the fish and therefore considerably reduce potential poaching threats. Fish types Fish is an important part of the diet for the people in Bangladesh providing protein calcium, fatty acids and vitamins. Traditionally, a variety of local species were used in ponds, mainly carp, caught from the wild as spawn (fertilised eggs or small fish). One of the main drawbacks of this source of supply is that along with the desired fish species come many undesirable ones Most of the species currently used in the cages in Bangladesh are exotics. However, for decades these fish have bred naturally and distributed themselves throughout the flood plains and the delta. Common fish types The selection a suitable fish species will depend on various biological and economic factors, such as; †¢ Market price †¢ Growth rate †¢ Ability to reproduce simple culture of young fish Match of fish and available fish feed †¢ Water temperature is an important criteria in assessing which fish species is suitable. The main types of cultivated fish are Carp, Tilapia and Catfish. Other fish suitable to cultivation are eel, tawes, mullet, snakeskin, and rohu. Some fish are more suitable to pond condit ions than others, some fish will not adapt the confined conditions while others such as the indigenous Koi (Anabas testidunous) have been found to thrive in cages. Small indigenous species In addition to the main cultivated species there are many indigenous breeds of fish that play an important role in the nutrition of the population. These fish are classed as small indigenous species although not all fish within this classification are particularly small. Of the 260 species of fresh water fish found locally, over 140 species are classified as Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and account for over 80% of the total catch, consumed by the poorer section, as preferred species. The term SIS would seem to be a recent re interpretation of the Bangla word chotmach (literally small fish) as opposed to Boromach (literally large fish). Common fish within the small indigenous species category include: Figure 3: Bilkish with prepared food for her fish (Photo credit: Practical Action / Zul) †¢ Small catfish †¢ Knifefishes Snakeheads †¢ Needlefishes †¢ Minnows, Rasboras, and bards †¢ Loaches †¢ Anchovies and sardines †¢ Spiny eels †¢ Climbing perch †¢ Gobies †¢ Mud Perches †¢ Glassfishes †¢ Fresh water prawns Small, low-value fish are particularly important for the extrem ely poor after the rice harvest when the demand for their labour declines. Feeding the fish With the non-intensive approach it is possible to feed fish on nothing more than scraps and waste, duck weed, oil cake, kitchen waste, rice bran and snails which will provide all the nutrition required. Some low-cost feeds are bought in by the households, typically rice bran and oilcake, but these costs are minimal. Occasionally, the diet may be supplemented with commercially available compound feeds. In most cases a mixture of diets is offered, according to their availability and needs of the fish. Fish harvesting and marketing Growth is rapid in the warm climate of Bangladesh and the fish attain marketable size within 3-9 months, providing farmers with a rapid return on their investment and labour. Fingerling production culture cycle is between 1 and 2 months. Cage nursery producers can sell fingerlings to the pond farmers and ox-bow lake operators. Fish for food culture cycle is between 4 and 6 months. Fish food producers consume the cage fish as well as selling them in the market. Figure 4: A group of landless women discussing finances in Madaripur (Photo credit: Practical Action / Neil Cooper) Profitability depends on many factors including the type of water body and culture, cage construction materials, the choice of fish species, fingerling size and price, stocking density, feed price, availability of protein rich feed, culture duration, cage management, harvesting and marketing. Another concern relates to economies of scale. Almost all enterprises are subject to economies of scale, and cage culture is no exception. The labour of looking after one small cage is far greater per kilogram of product than that for looking after a large one. The cost of the cage per kilogram of production will also be higher for a small cage versus a large cage. However, co-operative use of labour can be used to realise economies of scale in relation to labour, and this is already done in many villages. The third concern, related to the second, is comparative advantage. A significant proportion of the fish is intended to be sold for cash rather than consumed by the farmer and his family. In the medium term, an important question is whether small-scale producers in villages are well placed to compete – either with larger commercial producers, or producers from elsewhere. If they are not, and if competition increases, then prices – and returns – will steadily decline. In practice there is strong local demand for fish throughout the country, and small-scale producers are well placed to serve widely-dispersed rural markets. Secondly, the use of surplus off-season and/or family labour is itself a comparative advantage. Thirdly, in those systems which use local food resources, such as natural foods and kitchen wastes, feed costs are relatively low compared with those for commercial producers. Small-scale fish producers should therefore be able to survive competition in much the same way as village-scale poultry producers have survived, and even to some extent benefit from the increasing number of intensive poultry operations. References and further reading †¢ Small-scale Freshwater Fish Farming by van Ear et al. Agromisa 1996 †¢ Cage and Pen Fish Farming: Carrying Capacity Models and Environmental Impact FAO Fisheries Technicla Paper 225, 1984 †¢ Food, Livelihoods and Freshwater Ecology: The Significance of Small Indigenous Fish Species, ITDG Bangladesh, 1999 For further information, please contact: Practical Action The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development Bourton-on-Dunsmore Warwickshire CV23 9QZ United Kingdom Tel: + 44 (0)1926 634400 Fax: + 44 (0)1926 634401 E-mail infoserv@proacticalaction. org. uk Website: www. practicalaction. org Practical Action Bangladesh G. P. O. Box 3881 Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh Tel: + 880 – (0)2 – 8111934, 9110060, 9123671 Fax: + 880 – (0)2 – 8113134 E-mail: bangladesh@practicalaction. org. bd How to cite Small-Scale Fish Farming in Bangladesh, Essay examples